[47] It became apparent that Hamilton was truly in charge due to Washington's advanced years. The Naturalization Act increased to 14 years the period of residence required for an immigrant to attain American citizenship, partly because naturalized citizens tended to vote for the Democratic-Republicans. Most importantly, Adams is remembered as a poor politician in an era when politics had begun to matter more. [94], Adams was inaugurated on March 4, 1825. He married Abigail Smith (1744-1818) 25 October 1764 in Weymouth, Massachusetts, United States. The subsequent trial of Fries gained wide national attention, and Adams pardoned Fries and two others after they were sentenced to be executed for treason. [12], The votes of the 138 members of the Electoral College were counted during a joint session of Congress on February 8, 1797; the top three vote recipients were: Adams 71 votes, Jefferson 69, and Pinckney 59. He was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party. Historian George Herring argues that Adams was the most independent-minded of the founders. John Coolidge Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer and conductor of classical music and opera, with strong roots in minimalism. Rather than seek election by the legislature, Adams withdrew his name from contention, and the legislature selected Davis. Adams began his inaugural address (Full text ) with a review of the struggle for independence. Adams presided over major repairs and further construction on the National Road, and shortly after he left office the National Road extended from Cumberland, Maryland, to Zanesville, Ohio. [13][14] In 1781, Adams traveled to Saint Petersburg, Russia, where he served as the secretary of American diplomat Francis Dana. [6] Voters chose the presidential electors in seven states. John Adams Sr. (February 8, 1691 – May 25, 1761), also known as Deacon John, was a British colonial farmer and minister.He was the father of the second U.S. President, John Adams Jr., and grandfather of the sixth President, John Quincy Adams. [20] In 1790, Adams opened his own legal practice in Boston. [71] Adams developed a strong respect for Calhoun but believed that Crawford was unduly focused on succeeding Monroe in 1824. Adams replied that, in any event, he would not have been able to select Madison because of pressure from within his cabinet to appoint a Federalist. [176] Adams was nearly elected to the Senate in 1835 by a coalition of Anti-Masons and National Republicans, but his support for Jackson in a minor foreign policy matter annoyed National Republican leaders enough that they dropped their support for his candidacy. (1767-1848) - sixth US President, son of Pres. [242], Adams occasionally is featured in the mass media. It is among the evils of slavery that it taints the very sources of moral principle. For their part, many Federalists, particularly the conservative "ultra-Federalists," deeply feared the radical influence of the French Revolution. [147] However, the funding for a delegation and the confirmation of delegation nominees became entangled in a political battle over Adams's domestic policies, with opponents such as Van Buren impeding the process of confirming a delegation. On the eve of their inaugurations, they met briefly to discuss the possibility of sending Jefferson to France as part of a three-member delegation to calm the increasingly turbulent relations between the two countries. Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison's presidency, and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the War of 1812. After returning to the United States, Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston. Anxious to rejoin Abigail, who had already left for Massachusetts, Adams departed the White House in the predawn hours of March 4, 1801, and did not attend Jefferson's inauguration. [8][page needed] He soon began to exhibit his literary skills, and in 1779 he initiated a diary which he kept until just before he died in 1848. As Adams filled these new positions during the final days of his presidency, opposition newspapers and politicians soon began referring to the appointees as "midnight judges." Their competing visions of domestic and foreign policy caused a rift within the administration,[4][5] and led to the founding of the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. Historians generally concur that Adams was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history; they typically rank him as an average president, as he had an ambitious agenda but could not get it passed by Congress. (2004). ", Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive, Founders Online – Printed Volumes: John Adams, Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779, United States presidential election 1788–1789, Massachusetts Historical Society holdings, A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace, Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_John_Adams&oldid=1023439226, 1801 disestablishments in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Mexican government refused to sell California or recognize the independence and subsequent American annexation of Texas. [80] Hamilton was hard at work, attempting to sabotage the President's reelection. It also marked the country's shift in psychological orientation away from Europe and towards the Americas. [64] After taking office, Adams began negotiations with Luis de Onís, the Spanish minister to the United States, for the purchase of Florida and the settlement of a border between the United States and New Spain. [206] Though Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes, Adams successfully persuaded Congress to preserve the money for an institution of science and learning. [18] After graduating from Harvard, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts, from 1787 to 1789. The impeachment process did not move forward, though, in large part because the Whigs did not believe that the Senate would vote to remove Tyler from office. [243], This article is about the sixth president of the United States. Rejecting Hamilton's ambitions for the seizure of Spanish territory, Adams refused to meet with Miranda, squashing the plot. Abigail Adams (g. 1764–1818) Anak: Abigail Adams Smith (f. 1765) John Quincy Adams (f. 1767) Susanna Adams (f. 1768) Charles Adams (f. 1770) Thomas Boylston Adams (f. 1772) Ginikanan: John Adams, Sr. Susanna Boylston: Ganti: AAAS Fellow: Pirma [44] Their main fear was that war with France would lead to an alliance with England, which in turn could allow the allegedly monarchist Adams to further his domestic agenda. Adams was a Federalist and served in the [21], Adams initially avoided becoming directly involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career. He was particularly opposed to the annexation of Texas and the Mexican–American War, which he saw as a war to extend slavery and its political grip on Congress. "[2], The election of 1796 was the first contested American presidential election. In 1829, British scientist James Smithson died, and he left his fortune for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge". Economics also drove the divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, as Federalists sought financial ties with England, while many Democratic-Republicans feared the influence of English creditors. [35] The Jay Treaty had resolved few of the major American complaints against the British, including the ongoing British impressment of American sailors, but Washington viewed the treaty as the best method of avoiding another war with the British. [173] Adams helped pass the Tariff of 1832, which lowered rates, but not enough to mollify the South Carolina nullifiers. Az Alapító atyák egyik legnagyobb hatású alakjaként tartják számon. [216][217] George, who had long suffered from alcoholism, died in 1829 after going overboard on a steamboat; it is not clear whether he fell or purposely jumped from the boat. [84] Because the Federalist Party had all but collapsed after the War of 1812, all the major presidential candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. And I must confess to my shame and sorrow that I sometimes swore. [195] After 1846, ill health increasingly affected Adams, but he continued to oppose the Mexican–American War until his death in 1848. [197] A longtime opponent of slavery, Adams used his new role in Congress to fight it, and he became the most prominent national leader opposing slavery. [141] The Adams administration negotiated extensively with the British to lift this ban, but the two sides were unable to come to an agreement. [183], Whig nominee William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election, and the Whigs gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time. [59], In 1790, Congress, through the Residence Act, had set the site of permanent national capital along the Potomac River. December 1800 was set as the deadline for completion of government buildings in the new capital. [74] Adams informed Spain that Jackson had been compelled to act by Spain's failure to police its own territory, and he advised Spain to either secure the region or sell it to the United States. Historians have difficulty assessing Adams's presidency. "[1] Nonetheless, Adams was able to avoid war with France, arguing that war should be a last resort to diplomacy. South Carolina leaders argued that states could nullify federal laws, and they announced that the federal government would be barred from enforcing the tariff in their state. He also proposed an elaborate program of "internal improvements": roads, ports, and canals. [212], His original interment was temporary, in the public vault at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Later, he was interred in the family burial ground in Quincy, Massachusetts, across from the First Parish Church, called Hancock Cemetery. The IB two-year program is among the most rigorous academic programs of study available to high school students. [229] Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes that Adams's "intellectual ability and courage were above reproach, and his wisdom in perceiving the national interest has stood the test of time". [187] The annexation of Texas became the central issue of the 1844 presidential election, and Southerners blocked the nomination of Van Buren at the 1844 Democratic National Convention due to the latter's opposition to annexation; the party instead nominated James K. Polk, an acolyte of Andrew Jackson. Leadership of the Treasury Department went to Richard Rush of Pennsylvania, who would become a prominent advocate of internal improvements and protective tariffs within the administration. American expansionists favored setting the border at the Rio Grande, but Spain, intent on protecting its colony of Mexico from American encroachment, insisted on setting the boundary at the Sabine River. [35] In light of the threat of invasion from the more powerful French forces, Adams asked Congress to authorize a major expansion of the navy and the creation of a twenty-five thousand man army. [72], From early in his presidency Adams had advocated for the creation of new federal judgeships, but had been rebuffed by Congress. Jefferson's rumored affairs with slaves were used against him. [74] Adams was deeply proud of the treaty, though he privately was concerned by the potential expansion of slavery into the newly acquired territories. May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof. Rather than retiring from public service, Adams won election to the House of Representatives, where he would serve from 1831 to his death in 1848. Republicans were the enemies of "all who love order, peace, virtue, and religion." [231][232] Adams is remembered as a man eminently qualified for the presidency, yet hopelessly weakened in his presidential leadership potential because of the 1824 election. "[76], With the Federalist Party deeply split over his negotiations with France, and the opposition Democratic-Republicans enraged over the Alien and Sedition Acts and the expansion of the military, Adams faced a daunting reelection campaign in 1800. [29], In 1796, Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to Portugal. [27] In 1798, Benjamin Stoddert of Maryland became the first Secretary of the Navy, and Stoddert emerged as one of Adams's most important advisers. Adams, who had served as vice president under George Washington, took office as president after winning the 1796 presidential election. John Adams stepped down when he lost the third presidential election to his vice president, Thomas Jefferson, as referenced in Election of 1800. [49], After a difficult passage through the Baltic Sea, Adams arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg in October 1809. Because no candidate won a majority of the vote, the state legislature decided the election. [129] Adams, meanwhile, clung to the hope of a non-partisan nation, and he refused to make full use of the power of patronage to build up his own party structure. [53] The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, but Adams declined the seat, preferring a career in politics and diplomacy, so Joseph Story took the seat instead. Norsk bokmål: John Adams (født 1735, død 1826) var USAs andre president. [15], Adams was inaugurated as the nation's 2nd president on March 4, 1797 in the House of Representatives Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia. [161], Adams considered permanently retiring from public life after his 1828 defeat, and he was deeply hurt by the suicide of his son, George Washington Adams, in 1829. [73][74], After being swept out of power in 1800 by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party, Federalists focused their hopes for the survival of the republic upon the federal judiciary. [139] Agreements with Denmark and Sweden opened their colonies to American trade, but Adams was especially focused on opening trade with the British West Indies. Adams's original tomb at Hancock Cemetery is still there and marked simply "J.Q. English: John Adams (1735-1826) was the second president of the United States. [45], The president saw no advantage in joining the British-led alliance against France. [121] Aside from Clay, Adams lacked strong supporters outside of the North, and Edward Everett, John Taylor, and Daniel Webster served as his strongest advocates in Congress. John Adams was present at the first Congress of the United States passing the Tariff Act on 1 July 1789. He was also the first Vice President of the United States (1789–1797). None ever understood so ill the causes of its own power, or so wantonly destroyed them. Overcoming the opposition of some Federalists, Adams was able to win Senate ratification of the convention in February 1801. Stephen G. Kurtz, "Adams, John" in John A. Garraty, ed., List of federal judges appointed by John Adams, History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801, "Inside America's first dirty presidential campaign, 1796 style", "How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History", "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996", National Archives and Records Administration, "The 3rd Presidential Inauguration: John Adams, March 04, 1797", "Ten Facts About Washington's Presidency", "From Thomas Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, 13 May 1797", "Thomas Jefferson, 2nd Vice President (1797–1801)", "Supreme Court Nominations: 1789–Present", "The Cornerstone of Constitutional Law: The Extraordinary Case of, "May 15, 1800: President John Adams orders federal government to Washington, D.C.", "Why Naming John Marshall Chief Justice Was John Adams's "Greatest Gift" to the Nation", "Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. [14] Almost all of Adams's votes came from Northern electors, and almost all of Jefferson's votes came from Southern electors. After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress. Nonetheless, Adams noted in his own diary that he had no regrets about his decision to marry Louisa. Early in his term, Adams suspended the Treaty of Indian Springs after learning that the Governor of Georgia, George Troup, had forced the treaty on the Muscogee. [146] Clay and Adams hoped that the conference would inaugurate a "Good Neighborhood Policy" among the independent states of the Americas. [65][c] One of the major challenges confronting Adams was how to respond to the power vacuum in Latin America that arose from Spain's weakness following the Peninsular War. In 1817, the two countries agreed to the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes. Relying, however, on the purity of their intentions, the justice of their cause, and the integrity and intelligence of the people, under an overruling Providence which had so signally protected this country from the first, the representatives of this nation, then consisting of little more than half its present number, not only broke to pieces the chains which were forging and the rod of iron that was lifted up, but frankly cut asunder the ties which had bound them, and launched into an ocean of uncertainty. The rivalry between New England and the South, with the middle states holding the balance of power, began to germinate at this time as well. Wolcott wrote that "the poor old man" could do himself in without their help. [7] Young Adams was educated by private tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice. Though somewhat reluctant to affiliate with any political party, Adams joined the Federalist minority in Congress. This decision upset Adams's mother, and, by her account, his father as well. They viewed the party as a personal tool and played into the hands of the Jeffersonians by building up a large standing army and creating a feud with Adams. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and excelled academically, graduating second in his class in 1787. The Alien Friends Act and the Alien Enemies Act allowed the president to deport any foreigner which he considered dangerous to the country. [79] In 1824, the Monroe administration would further bolster United States claims to Oregon by reaching the Russo-American Treaty of 1824, which set the southern border of Russian Alaska at the parallel 54°40′ north. This would be the last annual message any president would personally deliver to Congress for the next 113 years. [32] In 1799, Adams negotiated a new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia, though he was never able to complete an agreement with Sweden. "[63][64], The Senate of the 6th Congress met for the first time in the Capitol building on November 17, 1800. Following the signing of the treaty, Adams traveled to Paris, where he witnessed first-hand the Hundred Days of Napoleon's restoration. [165] Adams grew bored of his retirement and still felt that his career was unfinished, so he ran for and won a seat in the United States House of Representatives in the 1830 elections. [62] Having spent several years in Europe, Adams returned to the United States in August 1817.[61]. [203], In 1841, at the request of Lewis Tappan and Ellis Gray Loring, Adams joined the case of United States v. The Amistad. [40] The Americans refused to negotiate on such terms. [99], Polls of historians and political scientists have generally ranked Adams as an average or above-average president, and one of the best who served a single term. [90], Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who wielded immense influence in the House of Representatives. His argument succeeded: the Court ruled that the Africans were free and they returned to their homes. [162] He was appalled by many of the Jackson administration's actions, including its embrace of the spoils system[163] and the prosecution of his close friend, Treasury Auditor Tobias Watkins, for embezzlement. [158] By 1828, only two states did not hold a popular vote for president, and the number of votes in the 1828 election was triple that in the 1824 election. [104], In his 1825 annual message to Congress,[105] Adams presented a comprehensive and ambitious agenda. It is unclear whether Van Buren, who shepherded the bill through Congress, meant for the bill to pass, or if he had deliberately designed it to force Adams and his allies to oppose it. [82] On October 24, he sent a pamphlet strongly attacking Adams on a number of points. [33], Adams's term was marked by disputes concerning the country's role, if any, in the expanding conflict in Europe, where Britain and France were at war. [117] Nevertheless, Adams's appointment of Clay rankled Jackson, who received a flood of letters encouraging him to run. He quickly established a productive working relationship with Russian official Nikolay Rumyantsev and eventually befriended Tsar Alexander I of Russia. In his youth, while the American Revolution raged on, Adams heard from his mother about his father's work and the great risks he took in support of it, and as a result developed a deep respect for his father. [78] After extended negotiations, Spain and the United States agreed to the Adams–Onís Treaty, which was ratified in February 1821. [137], One of the major foreign policy goals of the Adams administration was the expansion of American trade. John Adams (October 30, 1735 - July 4, 1826) is considered one of America's Founding Fathers, serving as George Washington's Vice President from 1789 to 1797, and as the second President of the United States of America, serving a single term from 1797 to … Adams was appalled by the Nullification Crisis's outcome, as he felt that the Southern states had unfairly benefited from challenging federal law. [76], Negotiations between Spain and the United States continued, and Spain agreed to cede Florida. Upon seeing a draft, several Federalists urged Hamilton not to send it. Adams delayed sending a delegation while he awaited the construction of several U.S. warships, which he hoped would alter the balance of power in the Caribbean. [61] In June 1800, Adams made his first official visit to Washington; amid the "raw and unfinished" cityscape, the president found the public buildings "in a much greater forwardness of completion than expected." [108], Adams's programs faced opposition from various quarters. [67] In addition to his foreign policy role, Adams held several domestic duties, including overseeing the 1820 Census. [78] James T. Callender, a Republican propagandist secretly financed by Jefferson, launched strong attacks on Adams's character and accused him of attempting to make war with France. [152] In response, followers of Jackson attacked Adams's personal life, and the campaign turned increasingly nasty. [90] Chernow writes that Hamilton believed that by eliminating Adams, he could eventually pick up the pieces of the ruined Federalist Party and lead it back to dominance.