[40] They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season. [81], In India, the National Board of Wildlife did a recommendation, allowing coal mining in the Dehing Patkai elephant reserve in April 2020. Group :- CRANIATA ( Definite head. a wide range of grasslands and forest types, including scrub forest, rainforest and semi-cultivated forests, preferring areas that combine grass with low woody plants and trees. Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). [59] In countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, the Asian elephant is one of the most feared wild animals, even though they are less deadly than other local animals such as venomous snakes (which were estimated to claim more than 30 times more lives in Sri Lanka than elephants). Vinod Krishnan, Mavatur Ananda Kumar, Ganesh Raghunathan, and Sreedhar Vijayakrishnan "Distribution and Habitat Use by Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in a Coffee-Dominated Landscape of Southern India," Tropical Conservation Science 12(1), (1 January 2020). Asian elephant Elephas maximus habitat use and ranging in fragmented rainforest and plantations in the Anamalai Hills, India. 7. [41] They drink at least once a day and are never far from a permanent source of fresh water. Home; The Course; The Tutors; The Venue; Application and Fees; Search for: Search Since 1986, Elephas maximus has been listed as endangered by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations, estimated to be 60–75 years. Tropical Conservation Science, 3, 143–158. [82], About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have about half the median life span of conspecifics in protected populations in range countries. [25], Tusks serve to dig for water, salt, and rocks, to debark and uproot trees, as levers for maneuvering fallen trees and branches, for work, for display, for marking trees, as weapon for offence and defence, as trunk-rests, and as protection for the trunk. Representations of human-elephant conflict in Indian and international media", "Impact of border fence along India – Bangladesh border on elephant movement", "Elephant conservation in India – an overview", "The status of ivory trade in Thailand and Vietnam", Skinned; The growing appetite for Asian elephants, "Tourism driving illegal elephant trade in Burma and Thailand – video", "Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant "Crushing" Ritual", "Identifying appropriate flagship species: The importance of culture and local contexts", "Mutiny or Clear Sailing? Asian Elephant Elephas Maximus Habitat Use and Ranging in Fragmented Rainforest and Plantations in the Anamalai Hills, India - M. Ananda Kumar, Divya Mudappa, T. R. Shankar Raman, 2010 Skip to main content Nepal is a country endowed with natural resources and bio-diversity. [78], In China, Asian elephants are under first-level protection. M. Ananda Kumar*1, Divya Mudappa1, T. R. Shankar Raman1. Hence, retention and protection of existing monoculture and natural vegetation habitats are critical for the survival of elephants in the region. [75][76][59], The World Elephant Day is celebrated on 12 August since 2012. elephant Elephas maximus habitat use and ranging in frag-mented rainforest and plantations in the Anamalai Hills, India. [91] Similarly, the elephant is the twelfth animal zodiac in the Dai animal zodiac of the Dai people in southern China. [28][29][30] Others contest this view. [24], The trunk can hold about four litres of water. The species is pre-eminently threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation. The epidermis and dermis of the body average 18 mm (0.71 in) thick; skin on the dorsum is 30 mm (1.2 in) thick providing protection against bites, bumps, and adverse weather. The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is listed as endangered (EN) species by IUCN, and it is one of the first class state protected species in China. They also share their lush forest habitat with several other endangered species, such as the Sumatran rhino, tiger, and orangutan, and countless other species that all benefit from an elephant population that thrives in a healthy habitat. FINAL REPORT ASIAN ELEPHANT CONSERVATION FUND A study of habitat utilization patterns of Asian elephant Elephas maximus and current status of human elephant conflict in Manas National Park within Chirang-Ripu Elephant Reserve, Assam PROJECT OFFICER Therefore, Borneo may have been the refuge of the Javan elephant and Elephas maximus borneensis the descendant of E. m. sondaicus. The ears are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. Journal of Tropical Ecology 29: 199-207. Its folds increase surface area for heat dissipation. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. The Borneo elephant, also called the Borneo pygmy elephant, is a subspecies of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) that inhabits northeastern Borneo, in Indonesia and Malaysia.Its origin remains the subject of debate. Download citation file: Gunfire and other similar methods of deterring, which are known to be effective against many kinds of wild animals including tigers, may or may not work with elephants, and can even worsen the situation. It is primarily threatened by loss of habitat, habitat degradation, fragmentation and poaching. [4] They are classified as megaherbivores and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day. The habitat of the Asian elephant is greatly determined by the availability of food, as "approximately 72-90% of an adult's activities involve moving toward food and feeding" (Shoshani and Eisenberg 1982). Asian elephant Elephas maximus habitat use and rangi ng in fragmented r ainforest and plantati ons in the Anamalai Hills, India. Raihan Sarker, A. H. M., & Røskaft, E. (2010). Historically, Asian elephants were widely distributed from the northernmost part of China to the Yellow River Basin three thousand years ago. Elephas indicus was proposed by Georges Cuvier in 1798, who described an elephant from India. [18], A record tusk described by George P. Sanderson measured 5 ft (1.5 m) along the curve, with a girth of 16 in (41 cm) at the point of emergence from the jaw, the weight being .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}104+1⁄2 lb (47.4 kg). At birth, the calf weighs about 100 kg (220 lb), and is suckled for up to three years. is the one of animals was endangered and the largest animal that still alive and could be only found on the Sumatera Island. It is the largest land mammal in Asia and is currently found in 13 countries in South and Southeast Asia. In China, the Asian elephant survives only in the prefectures of Xishuangbanna, Simao, and Lincang of southern Yunnan. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centres. In 2010, four skinned elephants were found in a forest in Myanmar; 26 elephants were killed by poachers in 2013 and 61 in 2016. There are varying views regarding which groups should be considered different subspecies. They play a major role in Hinduism: the god Ganesha's head is that of an elephant, and the "blessings" of a temple elephant are highly valued. These massive animals can live to up to 80 years old, although the general life expectancy is around 65. [9] Choudhury A, 1999. Adult females and calves move about together as groups, while adult males disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Seasonal migratory movements of the species have been greatly disturbed by human activity, particularly agricultural intensification and restriction within National Parks. [4] The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephant. Decorated elephants are also depicted on seals and were modelled in clay. Elephants were reported to be present on Sulu until the beginning of the 19 th century but they were finally exterminated by 1850 . Depredation in human settlements is another major area of human–elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes. [85] Data from North American and European regional studbooks from 1962 to 2006 were analysed for deviation of the birth and juvenile death sex ratio. [50], Bulls will fight one another to get access to oestrous females. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI Effect of habitat fragmentation on Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) ecology and behaviour patterns in a conflict-prone plantation landscape of the Anamalai hills, Western Ghats, India In partnership with nature conservation foundation M. ANANDA KUMAR Submitted to … Thesis, Bournemouth University, UK. Now, Asian elephants are found primarily in the single-monsoon, dry thorn-scrub forest in South … It is regionally extinct in Pakistan. The elephant plays an important part in the culture of the subcontinent and beyond, being featured prominently in the Panchatantra fables and the Buddhist Jataka tales. Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List as the wild population has declined by at least 50% since the 1930s to 1940s, i.e. Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P. S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., Ganguly, S., Talukdar, B. K., Singh, B., Mudappa, D., Chowdhary, S., Prasad, A. N. (2010). The population is decreasing with approximately 1500 elephants left in the wild in fragmented populations. habitat use and ranging in fragmented rainforest and plantations in the Anamalai Hills, India . E -mail: ncf@conservation.in *Author for correspondence. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Riau, vol. [1], The Asian elephant is the largest living land animal in Asia. Destruction of forests through logging, encroachment, slash-and-burn, shifting cultivation, and monoculture tree plantations are major threats to the survival of elephants. View Article Google Scholar 47. [4] The largest bull elephant ever recorded was shot by the Maharajah of Susang in the Garo Hills of Assam, India in 1924, it weighed an estimated 7 t (7.7 short tons), stood 3.43 m (11.3 ft) tall at the shoulder and was 8.06 m (26.4 ft) long from head to tail. The population is decreasing with approximately 1500 elephants left in the wild in fragmented populations. . [70], The calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured; as a result, two-thirds may perish. E. m. maximus Most untamed elephants try to avoid humans, but if they are caught off guard by any perceived physical threat, including humans, they will likely charge. In total, the covered protected area in China is about 510,000 km2 (200,000 sq mi). [70], Up to the early 1990s, Vietnamese ivory craftsmen used exclusively Asian elephant ivory from Vietnam and neighbouring Lao and Cambodia. One of the major instigators of human–wildlife conflict in general is competition for space. L'elefante del Borneo, o elefante pigmeo del Borneo (Elephas maximus borneensis) è una delle sottospecie dell'elefante asiatico, diffusa nella parte settentrionale dell'omonima isola (in particolare nella zona occidentale dello stato di Sabah e nell'estremo nord del Kalimantan). It is smaller than the African Elephant and they are crepuscular in nature. Their ability to work under instruction makes them particularly useful for carrying heavy objects. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranusTemminck.) [77] August has been established as the Asian Elephant Awareness Month by zoos and conservation partners in the United States. Journal of Zoology. [4][3] Habitat. (2010). three elephant generations. Body temperature averages 35.9 °C (96.6 °F). [17], The distinctive trunk is an elongation of the nose and upper lip combined; the nostrils are at its tip, which has a one finger-like process. Owing to landclearing and human expansion, Asian elephantElephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 is declining throughout its range. (1950). [4], Asian elephants have a very large and highly developed neocortex, a trait also shared by humans, apes and certain dolphin species. To make sure that there isn’t too much weight on just one foot, the pad spreads out when […] Habitat evaluation for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in Lincang: conservation planning for an extremely small population of elephants in China Biol. There are three subspecies recognized: Elephas maximus maximus in Sri Lanka, Elephas maximus indicus in the Asian mainland, and Elephas maximus sumatranus in Sumatra (Indonesia). It is slightly smaller than the African elephant. Deve il nome all'India, il Paese nel quale è maggiormente diffuso e dove si trova il 50% degli elefanti asiatici allo stato brado esistenti al mondo ed il 20% di quelli ammaestrati. [48][49] In 2011 and 2014, two instances were recorded of tigers successfully killing adult elephants; one by a single tiger in Jim Corbett National Park on a 20-year-old elephant, and another on a 28-year-old elephant in Kaziranga National Park further east, which was taken down and eaten by several tigers hunting cooperatively. Coenraad Jacob Temminck named an elephant from Sumatra Elephas sumatranus in 1847. Collins, N.J. (2018) Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus density and habitat use in relation to forest characteristics in the Leuser Ecosystem, North Sumatra. [43] Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded. [51], The gestation period is 18–22 months, and the female gives birth to one calf, only occasionally twins. "Habitat Optimal Gajah Sumatera (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck.) It inhabits grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. The BZ of PNP was declared in 2005, which covers an area of 285.17km 2 encompassing three districts and 11 village development committees (VDC) (Figure 1). [4], Generation length of the Asian elephant is 22 years. This study on the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus population, habitat use and the [65][66] As a whole, Asian elephants display highly sophisticated and sometimes unpredictable behaviour. [citation needed] The enamel plates of the molars are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. In the eastern Himalaya in northeast India, they regularly move up above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in summer at a few sites.[33]. This is a period where the testosterone level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. The habitat selection of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) was studied from August 2003 to August 2004 in Shangyong protected area in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. In the Burmese, Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac, the elephant, both tusked and tuskless, are the fourth and fifth animal zodiacs of the Burmese, the fourth animal zodiac of the Thai, and the second animal zodiac of the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka. It is a quintessential flagship species, deployed to catalyze a range of conservation goals, including habitat conservation at landscape scales, generating public awareness on conservation issues, and mobilisation as a popular cultural icon both in India and the West. Asian elephants inhabit grasslands, tropical evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Results of studies indicate that Asian elephants have cognitive abilities for tool use and tool-making similar to great apes. Before 1990, there were few tourists and the low demand for worked ivory could be supplied by domestic elephants. Williamson, J.H. They died within one month of birth, major causes being stillbirth and infanticide by either the calf's mother or by one of the exhibition mates. [1] [44], Unlike African elephants, which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. Overall, elephants preferred monoculture plantations of acacia, eucalyptus, and abandoned coffee and reserved forests remnants more than other habitats when compared with their availability. Four basic muscle masses—the radial, the longitudinal and two oblique layers—and the size and attachments points of the tendon masses allow the shortening, extension, bending, and twisting movements accounting for the ability to hold, and manipulate loads of up to 300 kg (660 lb). [79], In Thailand, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and Than Thanlod National Park are protected areas hosting around 250-300 elephants, according to figures from 2013. Economic liberalisation and an increase in tourism raised both local and visitors' demands for worked ivory, which resulted in heavy poaching. Examining the Role of the Asian Elephant as a Flagship Species", "OKC Zoo to host 2nd annual Asian Elephant Awareness Month", "It's risky, but elephants are feeling frisky", Proposed Eastern Extension to Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary, "Assam students, environment activists launch online campaign to stop coal mining in elephant reserve", "Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants", 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z, "Skewed Birth Sex Ratio and Premature Mortality in Elephants", "The Forest and the Field in Ancient India", "War elephants still exist. Suhada, Nur, et al. [35] In 2003, mitochondrial DNA analysis and microsatellite data indicated that the Borneo elephant population is derived from stock that originated in the region of the Sunda Islands. [86], Bones of Asian elephants excavated at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley indicate that they were tamed in the Indus Valley Civilization and used for work. We used structural equation modelling to identify causal pathways in which elephant-related exposure, positive and negative interactions, costs and benefits (tangible and intangible) contributed to tolerance. This is especially true of males in musth and of females with young. [87], The elephant became a siege engine, a mount in war, a status symbol, a beast of burden, and an elevated platform for hunting during historical times in South Asia. The sex ratio of stillbirths in Europe was found to have a tendency for excess of males. [44] weed Lantana camara on elephant habitat use in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India. [74], The Asian elephant is listed on CITES Appendix I. Three subspecies are recognised—E. [52], Asiatic elephants reach adulthood at 17 years of age in both sexes. Elephants will playfully wrestle with each other using their trunks, but generally use their trunks only for gesturing when fighting. The genetic divergence of Borneo elephants warrants their recognition as a separate Evolutionarily Significant Unit.[36]. [17], Skin colour is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and wallowing. Distribution and Habitat Use by Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in a Coffee-Dominated Landscape of Southern India Vinod Krishnan1, Mavatur Ananda Kumar1, Ganesh Raghunathan1, and Sreedhar Vijayakrishnan1,2 Abstract Understanding the impacts of land-use mosaics on elephant distribution and the patterns of habitat use is essential for their [13][14] The Asian elephants living in northern Borneo are smaller than all the other subspecies, but with larger ears, a longer tail, and straight tusks. 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We applied the wildlife tolerance model to examine drivers of tolerance towards Asian elephants Elephas maximus in rural Bangladesh, interviewing local people in 17 villages. In 1984, PNP was established to preserve the habitat of natural populations of Asian Elephant Elephas maximus, Tiger Panthera tigris, and Gaur Bos gaurus (Rimal et al. Elephants are able to survive in a variety of different locations because of the huge variety of food sources that they consume. [67][68][69], The demand for ivory during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in East Asia, led to rampant poaching and the serious decline of elephants in both Africa and Asia. [19] Length of body and head including trunk is 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) with the tail being 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) long. [3] The demand for elephant skin has risen due to it being an increasingly-common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. Status and conservation of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus in north-eastern India. "Asian elephants. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEPHANT : ELEPHAS MAXIMUS . Between the age of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "musth". [60] In Assam, more than 1,150 humans and 370 elephants died as a result of human-elephant conflict between 1980 and 2003. Division :- GNATHOSTOMATA ( Jaws and paired appendages present ). Secretions containing pheromones occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear. However, mistreatment may lead to serious disability or death. 2005;265(4):377–85. Many people assume that elephants that are in the wild only live in the grasslands. Skin temperature varies from 24 to 32.9 °C (75.2 to 91.2 °F). Cranium with brain present ) Sub-phylum :- VERTEBRATA ( vertebral column present). [57] Elephants that have been abused by humans in the past often become "rogue elephants", which regularly attack people with no provocation. The trunk contains as many as 60,000 muscles, which consist of longitudinal and radiating sets. The scientific name of the Sri Lankan elephant is Elephas maximus maximus, which literally means “biggest of the biggest.” What is the lifespan of the Sri Lankan elephant? Bull elephants are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups". 113 - 121 Article Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Dry season diets and habitat use of sympatric Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinocerus unicornis) in Nepal. Elephant (Elephas maximus) temporal activity, distribution, and habitat use patterns on the tiger’s forgotten trails across the seasonally dry, subtropical, hilly Churia forests of Nepal. Out of the three recognized subspecies of Asian Elephant, the Sumatran Elephant is the smallest in size. The back is convex or level. Likely causes for compromised survivorship is stress and/or obesity. In Bangladesh, some isolated populations survive in the south-east Chittagong Hills. [53] Average elephant life expectancy is 60 years in the wild and 80 in captivity, although this has been exaggerated in the past. E. m. borneensis, The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus Elephas and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west, Nepal in the north, Sumatra in the south, and to Borneo in the east. 1-9. The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), found only on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, is critically endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. [73] Handlers use a technique known as the training crush, in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to "break" the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet. In order to develop guidelines for conserving the species in the country, we studied the habitat use of a small and recently re-established population in Bardia National Park. This page was last edited on 15 May 2021, at 13:46. Elephas maximus Range India and Southeast Asia Habitat Forests Diet Roots Grasses Fruit Bark Elephants have specialized adaptations to accommodate their large size: Support System: Elephants have sole pads under their toes that help carry all their weight. [45] Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African elephants. The Sumatran Elephant is a subspecies of the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) and shares its genus with the Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus) and Indian Elephant (E. m. indicus).
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