Lung is small, elastic and is affixed in the dorsal wall of the thorax and give rise to some air-sacs to increase its efficiency. Mouth is circular in shape and suctorial with devoid of functional jaws. Examples: Oviparous – Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus); Viviparous –  Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris),Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus), Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) ,  blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) , etc. amzn_assoc_title = "Shop Your Products"; Include 1 class, 1 family, 2 genera and 30 species. Examples: Tailed frog  (Ascaphus truei), European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina),   tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), Limbless amphibians (Ichthyophis glutinosus). They have well-developed brain which is divided into cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla. This form is supposed to be specialised tomaria larva of some unknown hemichordate. Typically 2 pairs of limbs, nostrils connecting mouth cavity. phylum Chordata deuterostome, eucoelomate, bilateral symmetry This phylum can be characterized by 4 unique characteristics found uniformly among members of the group, often referred to as the big four. Phylum Hemichordata. Internal nares are present which opens into the buccal cavity through a pore, called choanae. In the invertebrate chordates (urochordata and cephalochordada), it is formed of endothermal cells, but in the case of the vertebrate-chordates, it persists in the adult (with some exception), but in vertebrates, notochord is either partially, or wholly replaced by vertebral column. Home Whats its About The 7 Classes About Contact Sexes are separate; fertilization is internal with direct development. Cartilaginous fishes. amzn_assoc_linkid = "8176995fc60e05367dcce2a1fda714d5"; This article contains a list of all of the classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordate Class Leptocardii: Lancelets. amzn_assoc_default_category = "PCHardware"; They have very keen sense organs with very good eyesight. About 50 species. They are triploblastic animal having bilaterally symmetrical body. (Gr., amphi = both; bios = life). Privacy Policy3. Digestive system is complete which has a muscular opening at the base of the tail. (Gr., a = absent; kranion = head or Gr., protos = first; chorde = cord). First three sub phyla are collectively known as Protochordates. They have 5-7 pairs of gill slits without operculum. PHYLUM CHORDATA. Examples: Scoliodon laticaudus (Dog fish), Pristis clavata (Saw fish), Carcharodon carcharias (Great white shark),  Dasyatis thetidis (Sting ray). Most of the mammals give birth to live young babies except. Each of these is found in at least some stage of the life cycle … Respiration by lungs. Members of Urochordata and Cephalochordata live only in the ocean (Towle, 1989). Approximately 7,000 species. The skin is thin, loose and dry with flight muscle in the thorax; sweat gland is absent. They are coelomate organisms with organ-system level of organization. The class Mammalia includes the vertebrate animals which contain mammery glands. This phylum consists of three groups, namely vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets. They are mostly oviparous, but viviparity is seen in some snakes, some of which are ovo-viviparous. They take a wide variety food, among them, some are herbivores, some carnivores and some take any kind of food at all(omnivores). Skin with various glands. Characteristics of Chordata. (Gr., osteon = bone; ichthys = fish). Sexes are separate and they usually perform external fertilization. In this article we will discuss about the classification of phylum chordata with its characters. They are oviparous and they lay eggs with large yolk which is covered by a hard-shell. (Gr., kephale = head; L., chorda = cord). Chordates are organisms that, at some time during their development, possess a rod called a notochord extending the length of their bodies at full development. All the representatives of Osteichthyes are cold-blooded which bear one pair of gill openings for breathing and different types of fins for swimming. Classification of Phylum Chordata. They possess well-defined liver which performs several functions such as producing bile, detoxifying poisons, and storing glucose in the form of glycogen. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; amzn_assoc_linkid = "df6e3e2dfb2223ece0caaeddeb1e4806"; Basal element of pectoral fins is attached to the girdle with a branching arrangement at the tip. Heart 4-chambered. Chordates (Chordata) are a group of animals that includes vertebrates, tunicates, lancelets. (L., reptilis = covering). Endoskeleton is composed of either bones or cartilages. The notochord acts as support during movement by stiffening the body and lies ventral to the central nervous system and dorsal to the gut. Contrary to popular belief, chordates do not exclusively include vertebrates. They have epidermal nervous system. Sexes are separate and they perform internal fertilization. Gonads are typically paired and provided with ducts that open into the cloaca. Chordata Characterstics Oral and atriporal aperture are close at the proximal free-end. Urochordata. Table 1.2 gives an outline classification of the phylum Chordata. Classification Classification. They live in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and aerial habitats. This phylum consists of three groups, namely vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets. They have a high degree of cephalization or distinct head. And Cephalochordata has notochord in the entire body. amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; Land vertebrates with two pairs of pentadactyle limbs, comified skin with lungs. They are usually called Acrania group. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a cladogram), it also retains the traditional ranks used in Linnaean taxonomy.. Phylum Chordata Pisces, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia. In some cases, the tail may be present. Class Osteichthyes 3. They have 12 pairs of cranial nerves and exhibit one of the most highly developed forms of Diaphragms. (Gr., chondros = cartilage; ichthys = fish). They posses both paired and median fins which are not supported by fin rays. amzn_assoc_default_search_phrase = "Tablets"; Adult contains notochord in the tail region; Minute animals without atriporal opening or atrial cavity. Some chordates bear the tail with skeletal muscles, which assist in locomotion. Examples- Branchiostoma (= Amphioxus), Asymmetron. They live in marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and aerial habitats. The neural tube is specialized to form the complex brain; the brain is associated with special sense organs. Classification. Vertebrata. UROCHORDATA, SUB-PHYLUM: 2. Notochord and nerve cord in tail only in minute free-swimming tadpole larva. Their tubular chitinous skeleton and colonial habits show an affinity with Rhabdopleura. Coelom well-developed and enterocoelic in development. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. Urochordata have notochord present in the larval tail only. Some amphibians perform internal fertilization such as Salamander and Ichthyophis (blind worm). Chordates and the Evolution of Vertebrates. All are marine, small, primitive or lower chordates. In some adults, external gills are present for respiration. An animal that has a backbone is called as the vertebrate animal and they are in the phylum chordata. Single-layer epidermis; oral hood with cerii; Blood is colorless; circulatory system without heart. Due to great diversity in chordate forms, different schemes of classification have been proposed by a number of taxonomists from time to time. Examples- Hemidactylus (wall lizard), Uromastix (spiny-tailed lizard), Naja (cobra), Sphenodon (tuatara), Crocodilus (crocodile). Introduction to Chordates. All the chordates possess a supporting skeletal rod or notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord and paired gill-slits at some stage of their life history which may persist, change or disappear in adults. Skin with minute placoid scales. Nerve cord is double, ventral, usually with ganglia. It includes some 60,000 species. About 50,000 species. In this case, only exoskeleton is present. Skin is dry, and it is covered with horny epidermal scales often with underlying bony dermal plats; few cutaneous glands are present in skin with high levels of keratin that stops water loss through the skin. Adult is sessile, unable to swim and the sac-like body remains attached to any aquatic objects. The tail is present throughout life. In this case, at the embryonic stage, endoskeleton is cartilaginous but it is replaced by bones in the adult stage. In this case, hair or fur helps animals adapt to their environment. They also have proper nervous system, circulatory system, and a skeletal system that provides proper shape and support. Cephalization, cranium, brain and vertebral column absent Notochord present. These are often considered as an extinct colonial class of Hemichordata. Notochord – cartilaginous skeletal rod 2. Bony fishes. The members of chordates are very essential for an ecosystem because they keep up the ecosystem. CEPHALOCHORDATA, SUB-PHYLUM: 3. amzn_assoc_search_bar_position = "bottom"; Approximately 4,500 species. The first two sub phyla are called lower chordates or PROTOCHORDATES. It is a large and diverse phylum. They are also known as ray-finned fishes due to lepidotrichia or fin rays. In the adult stage, the notochord is replaced by a vertebral column. The phylum Chordata consists of both invertebrate and vertebrate chordates. Examples- Rana (frog), Bufo (toad), Ambystoma (salamander). They … amzn_assoc_default_browse_node = "672123011"; amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Group ACRANIA (=PROTOCHORDATA) (Primitive chordates without head and vertebral column) Subphylum HEMICHORDATA, Balanoglossus,Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura, primitive and doubtful chordates, now classified under non-chordates after echinoderms. Gill-slits covered with operculum. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "search"; Post-anal tail: It is an extension of the body away from the anus. Some examples of Chordata are Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum, and Amphioxus. CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATA PHYLUM CHORDATA A. Subphylum Urochordata B. Subphylum Cephalochordata C. Subphylum Vertebrata 1. (L., avis = bird). The Subphylum Vertebrata is divided into two divisions: 2. CLASSIFICATION OF HEMICHORDATA & CHORDATA. The body contains tough skin with minute placoid scales. The invertebrate chordate classes are from Fishes of the World. The phylum itself is named after the longitudinal, flexible and rod shaped structure called the notochord located between the digestive tube and nerve cord of all embryonic stage chordates, and in some species … There is still much ongoing differential (DNA sequence based) comparison research that is trying to separate out the simplest forms of chordates. Phylum Chordata is classified as follows : GROUP A :- LOWER CHORDATA OR PROTOCHORDATA OR ACRANIATA Exclusively marine. Superclass Gnathostomata 1.Class Chondrichthyes 2. The main function of notochord is to support nerve cord. At the base of the tail, uropygeal or preen gland is present. They inhabit throughout marine and freshwater environments. Generally, they do not have any spiracles. (Gr., enteron = gut; pneustos = breathed). Circulatory system consisting of a ventral thoracic heart and shows increasing structural complexities in keeping the oxygenated blood separate. Alimentary canal contains additional chambers, the crop and gizzard which are highly developed in grain-eating bird. They are cold-blooded animals (poikilothermal). You might also read: Chondrichthyes Vs Osteichthyes:General Characteristics and Differences. Content Guidelines 2. Class Mammalia 1. amzn_assoc_region = "US"; They have well-developed brain which is attached to a dorsal nerve cord. It is also known as Tunicate because the body of an adult is... Cephalochordata. Class – Reptilia. Kingdom Animalia animals. Gnathostomata having contrasting characters given in Table 1.4. The class Osteichthyes is the largest group of vertebrates in the world and it contains more than 30,000 fish species which account for about 96% of all fish species. It connects the brain to the muscles and other organs. It is air filled organ arising from the dorsal wall of the oesophagus. Include 3 orders, 5 families, 9 genera and 30 species. Several extinct orders of ancient primitive heavily armoured. Some scientists argue that the true qualifier should be pharyngeal pouches rather than slits. TOS4. Mammals. Class Reptilia 5. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla: Urochordata or Tunicata, ... Class – Cyclostomata. Paired lateral appendages are present in the form of limbs or fins. Placoderms. They possess both exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Their regeneration power is usually poor. (L., piscis = fish). Generally, blood vascular system is absent;  if present, it may be open or closed type. Thus, a vertebrate is defined as an animal having back bone consisting of a series of small bones (ring-like)or cartilage running throughout the length of the body along the mid-dorsal side, enclosing and protecting the spinal cord. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They can inhabit different type habitats such as forests, deserts, freshwater wetlands and the open seas. Absence of conus arteriosus and renal portal system. Body fish-like, segmented with numerous gill-slits. Notochord is persistent and unconstructed. 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATES PHYLUM CHORDATA Group ACRANIA (=PROTOCHORDATA) (Primitive chordates without head and vertebral column) Subphylum HEMICHORDATA, Example Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura, these are primitive and doubtful chordates; they are now classified under non-chordates after echinoderms. They have two pairs of limbs which are used for walking, climbing, running, burrowing, flying or swimming. Chordates range in length from about a centimeter to over 30 meters (100 feet). Motile adult and larval stage. Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.They are united by having, at some time in their life, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a muscular tail extending past the anus. They have median fin but paired fins or lateral appendages are absent. amzn_assoc_linkid = "df6e3e2dfb2223ece0caaeddeb1e4806"; Their body is  radial, bi radial, bilateral or without symmetry. As some lineages of the 90% of species that lack a backbone or notochord might have lost these structures over time, this complicates the classification of chordates. (Greek-: chorda, a string, or Latin -: chordatus, a chord, i.e., the notochord) is the largest of the deuterostome phyla. It is the highest and the most important phylum comprising a vast majority of animals living and extinct such as tunicates, lancelets, lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals including man. (L., vertebratus = backbone). Examples – Cephalaspis, Pteraspis, Birkenia, Thelodus. Warm blooded, air breathing vertebrates. They have neural tube with rudimentary neural arches. Class Aves 6. The phylum chordata. Pharynx forms large sac with perforated walls which act as an organ of respiration and food capture. Notochord supplemented or replaced by a vertebral column or backbone comprising of overlapping vertebrae. The Acrania is divided into three subphyla- Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata. Mouth and 2 nostrils ventral. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Chordates range in length from about a centimeter to over 30 meters (100 feet). Cloaca is present which gives space to receive rectum, ureters and genital ducts; cloacal opening is transverse. They have powerful jaws with backwardly directed teeth. Chordates consist of 43,000 living species which can consume and hunt down other types of animals and maintain of predator and prey role. Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal [relating to the pharynx] gill slits. Animals in the phylum Chordata share five key chacteristics that appear at some stage during their development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow (tubular) nerve cord, pharyngeal gill arches or slits, a post-anal tail, and an endostyle/thyroid gland (Figure 2). You might also read: Detailed Classification of Extant Reptiles. amzn_assoc_title = "My Amazon Picks"; They possess a pressure releasing canal which is known as the Eustachian tube that connects the mouth cavity with the tympanic membrane. They perform respiration through the lungs and moist skin. Examples- Echidna (spiny anteater), Macropus (kangaroo), Rattus (rat). Lungs compact, with air-sacs. Body small and compact. The class Osteichthyes is divided into the following two subclasses: Examples: Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Anabas testudineus, Lates calcarifer, Tenualosa ilisha, Ompok pabo, Heteropneustes fosilis, Examples: Latimeria chalumnae, Neoceratodus forsteri, Lepidosiren paradoxa, Protopterus aethiopicus. They have soft and wormlike bodies. Salpians and chain tunicates. One of the important factors, taken into account while classifying the different kinds of animals in the world is the presence of spine or backbone in their body. The phylum chordata is a very diverse phylum which contains about 43,000 living species. Spacious pharynx bears numerous pharyngeal gill-slits. Classification Of Phylum Chordata Urochordata. Endocrine glands are present and well-developed. They are: Notochord: It is an elastic, rod-like longitudinal structure that is made up of cartilage. Their body is very light with pneumatic bones. Aquatic or terrestrial, usually large-sized, higher chordates or vertebrates with distinct head, a vertebral column, jaws and brain protected by a cranium or skull. The rodents, bats and shrews constitute the largest order which is followed by the Primates, Cetartiodactyla and Carnivora, respectively. It is a large and diverse phylum. They have long, rounded and eel-like body with scale less, glandular and smooth skin. Presence of cranium or brain-box accompanied with a vertebral column; the vertebral column is composed of segmented cartilaginous or bony rings, known as vertebra. Fertilization is internal, development is direct; many of them are viviparous which give birth to young baby. Phylum Chordate is divided into three Sub-Phyla. The phylum Chordata consists of both invertebrate and vertebrate chordates. Examples- Struthio (African ostrich), Columba (pigeon), Gallus (fowl). Limbs typically 4, each with 5 clawed toes. Besides these, they have bony skeleton, jaws and one pair nostrils. The craniata includes a single subphylum Vertebrata. It is a large and diverse phylum. Sessile tunicates with scattered muscles in tunic. Amphibians. Embryologically, this nerve cord originates from the dorsal ectoderm. They inhabit in marine habitat but migrate for spawning to fresh water. They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration. Gall-bladder is absent and rectum opens into a cloaca with tree differentiated compartments. The skin of the body is covered by scales like cycloid, ctenoid or ganoid. Heterocercal type caudal fin is found in the primitive species but diphycercal type caudal fin is present in the recent forms. Vertebrate or Craniata: Living forms with moist glandular skin, no external scales. Include 3 orders, 12 families, 37 genera and 1,200 species. Sexes are separate and in male, pelvic fin is provided with a pair of claspers. Progressive metamorphosis occurs in their life cycle. The gonad is single without duct; gametes pass through the genital pores. Presence of the dorsal tubular nerve cord; Presence of the paired pharyngeal gill-slits. The sub-phylum vertebrata incorporates the remarkable chordates which occupy high taxonomical ranks. The adults are fixed to the substratum. They are usually called Acrania group. Since the members of these sub phyla do not have a cranium or skull they are also referred to as Acrania. They are completely lung breathers; no skin or gill respiration. The eyes have eyelids to prevent the eyes from external injury. They also include protochordates such as balanoglossus, ascidia and amphioxus. Class Amphibia 4. Class Aves 6. (Gr., gnathos = jaw; stoma = mouth). amzn_assoc_marketplace = "amazon"; Include 2 orders, 2 families, 5 genera and 3 species. Muscles (V-shaped myotomes) and gonads are metamerically arranged. Approximately 2,500 species. During their life cycle, a fish like larva occurs which is known as tadpole larva. They inhabit variety of habitats such as grasslands, deserts, polar ice caps, forests, mountains, dark caves and even some of them can adapt to fly or live in water. amzn_assoc_default_category = "Shoes"; Respiratory and excretory systems are well-developed. The fossil graptolites (e.g., Dendrograptus) were abundant in Ordovician and Silurian periods. Vertebrata is the largest chordate subphylum including about 45,000 species. Oral and atriporal apertures are at opposite ends. Body divided into 3 regions- proboscis, collar and trunk. UROCHORDATA, SUB-PHYLUM: 2. Examples: Protozoans, Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms, etc. The notochord is formed of special type of vacuolated cells and remains covered by a sheath, known as notochordal sheath. Heart 4-chambered. The following schema is from the 2014 edition of Vertebrate Palaeontology. If an animal has a notochord during any stage of its life, it is classified as a chordate.
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